I think if I'm understanding the question correctly, the answer is yes.
One blanket example I can think of is an Execute attack. If the enemy is below a certain amount of health, instant death. Else, Execute deals normal damage.
(b.hp <= b.mhp * 0.25) ? b.addState(1) : a.atk * 4 - b.def * 2
This one does not have a random element to it, but you may be able to find some ideas in the RMMV Damage thread.